Social Entrepreneurship Review
type: channel
description: Social Entrepreneurship Review (SER) (ISSN 2720-7277) is a peer-reviewed multi-disciplinary journal dedicated to serve as platform for academic debate on all issues relevant to social entrepreneurship including theoretical perspectives, cutting-edge research, and actionable solutions to identified problems of particular interest to policy makers, social entrepreneurs, managers, academics and researchers. Social Entrepreneurship Review publishes research results on social entrepreneurship from a range of scholarly perspectives based on different methodological settings: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. The paper’s special interest is in theory-inflected work and broader empirical studies with particular emphasis on Central and Eastern Europe and emerging or transitioning countries. Theoretical and review papers are also welcome as they provide new insights or valuable comments advancing our knowledge about social entrepreneurship. SER was previously published as Ekonomia Społeczna/Social Economy (ISSN: 2081-321X – print version; eISSN: 1898-7435 – online version) by the Małopolska School of Public Administration at the Krakow University of Economics. The journal has been published since 2007. From 2007 to 2008 it appeared quarterly, and since 2010 it has been issued semi-annually. Since 2021, the journal has continued under the title Social Entrepreneurship Review. ISSN: 2720-7277 – online version; DOI: 10.15678/SER. Publishing policy: Open Access, licence: cc-by 4.0. The journal is published on an open-access basis, allowing its resources to be used freely while respecting the authors' copyrights. Readers are obliged to follow the general rules of source referencing and citation, as they would with printed publications. The articles are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. By the end of 2022, SER was published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC…
publisher: Krakow University of Economics
language: en
publication name: Social Entrepreneurship Review
issn: 2720-7277
items: Entrepreneurship Education in Shaping Students’ Social Responsibility Attitudes: Empirical Evidence from the University of Tehran
items: Exploring the mindset of social entrepreneurs towards failure: Evidence from focus group interviews
items: The Modern Educational Paradigm in India: Integrating Social Entrepreneurship into Higher Education
items: Women’s Entrepreneurial Activity in Rural Areas and the Use of European Union Funds: The Example of Poland
items: Social Economy in Central Europe: A Comparative Study of the V4 Countries
items: Public Policy on Cooperatives: A Qualitative Analysis of Türkiye’s Strategy and Action Plans
items: Digital Educational Innovation in the Social Economy: A Configurational Analysis Using the Technological Innovation Systems Framework
items: Activation of the elderly at the commune level
items: Role of environmental inquiry in evidence-based social welfare cases
items: Designated benefit for the satisfaction of basic needs as a form of preventing social isolation
items: Legal forms of cooperation between local public administration and non-governmental organizations in counteracting social exclusion
items: Social exclusion from the perspective of hierarchy competition theory
items: Social economy and social exclusion - introductory remarks
items: Investment attractiveness of impact-focused startups
items: Land tenure and population exchange: Intermarginal disintegration in the Ormánság. Social Entrepreneurship Review
items: Institutional and territorial drivers of rural social enterprise ecosystems: Evidence from Finland
items: Event impact assessment and community-based tourism: The case of a Portuguese Music Festival MEOSudoeste
items: Community-driven food networks as vehicles of rural social innovation
items: Home or abroad? Following tourism choices in Hungary
items: Exploring slow tourism in rural territories: Insights from the Alentejo Region in Portugal
items: The contribution of agritourism to social innovation and sustainable development in the rural areas of the Portuguese Beja region
items: Income as a selected indicator of the social economy in human life
items: Country Housewives’ Associations as social economy entities and their areas of activity in Poland
items: Just energy transition and business models: Seeking a strategic management tool for energy communities
items: Exploring social entrepreneurship dynamics in sustainable tourism: A case study of Morocco’s Al Haouz Province
items: Social entrepreneurship development in collective-based initiatives: A qualitative study of African Burial Societies
items: Entrepreneurial learning process after a business failure
items: Sustainable entrepreneurship in Morocco: Driving competitiveness through CSR and circular economy
items: Promoting gender equality through leveraging the Women, Business, and the Law index: A comparative analysis of high- and low-income countries
items: Causes and effects of social exclusion in light of opinions of cooperative bank customers: The case of the Mazowieckie Province

Entrepreneurship Education in Shaping Students’ Social Responsibility Attitudes: Empirical Evidence from the University of Tehran
type: item
description: Background: Scholars increasingly recognise entrepreneurship education not only for developing entrepreneurial competencies but also for fostering ethical awareness and social responsibility among students. However, empirical evidence on its impact on students’ attitudes toward social responsibility remains limited. Research objectives: The study examined the impact of entrepreneurship education on students’ attitudes toward social responsibility at the Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran. Research design and methods: I employed a quasi-experimental design, comparing two groups of students: first-year students as the control group and final-year students as the experimental group. I collected data with a researcher-designed questionnaire adapted from validated instruments, including the Michigan Student Social Responsibility Survey and Martínez et al. (2015). The questionnaire measured five dimensions of social responsibility: striving for excellence, integrity and honesty, community participation, respect for others’ perspectives, and ethical reasoning. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including independent samples t-tests, served the data analysis. Results: The findings revealed that students who completed entrepreneurship education scored significantly higher on all dimensions of social responsibility than those not yet trained. Conclusions: The results suggest that entrepreneurship education not only develops entrepreneurial competencies but also meaningfully fosters ethical awareness and social responsibility among students.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: entrepreneurship education
  topic: keywords
subject: social responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: students’ attitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: quasi-experimental design
  topic: keywords
subject: University of Tehran
  topic: keywords
creator: Tayebeh Nikraftar
creator: Mahdieh Jafari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tayebeh Nikraftar, Mahdieh Jafari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 103
ending page: 115
doi: 10.15678/SER.2026.1.06

Exploring the mindset of social entrepreneurs towards failure: Evidence from focus group interviews
type: item
description: Background: Failure is a common aspect of entrepreneurship due to high uncertainty. This study examines the specific context of social entrepreneurship, which combines profit goals with social missions. Research objectives: The primary objective is to understand social entrepreneurs’ mindsets towards failure. Research design and methods: The study employs focus group interviews (FGI) with social entrepreneurs, representatives from Social Economy Support Centres, and government delegates in three major Polish cities. Results: Findings reveal diverse perceptions of failure among social entrepreneurs. They view failure both as a setback and an opportunity for growth. The study identifies financial instability and mission drift as common failure factors, and highlights the profound emotional and social impacts of failure. Conclusions: Social entrepreneurs’ perception of failure is complex, influenced by their dual focus on financial sustainability and social impact. These insights can help develop better support mechanisms for social enterprises, promoting resilience and learning from failure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: entrepreneurial failure
  topic: keywords
subject: social entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: social enterprise
  topic: keywords
subject: focus group interview
  topic: keywords
creator: Martyna Wronka-Pośpiech
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-23
publication date: 2024-12-23
starting page: 56
ending page: 74
doi: 10.15678/SER.2024.2.04

The Modern Educational Paradigm in India: Integrating Social Entrepreneurship into Higher Education
type: item
description: Background: Social entrepreneurship education (SEE) is gaining global prominence as a mechanism for developing competencies to address complex social challenges. Despite urgent socioeconomic needs, SEE in India remains fragmented and marginalised in higher education curricula. Research objectives: This article examines competencies required for social entrepreneurship; the role of society in nurturing these competencies; factors influencing SEE; benefits of SEE at economic, social, and environmental levels; and required reforms in pedagogy, curriculum, and policy in the Indian higher education context. Research design and methods: Qualitative content analysis (QCA) of 70 peer-reviewed sources and the application of an inductive approach guided by the study objectives. Results: We identified five interconnected competency clusters: psychological, cognitive, functional, social, and meta. Society operates as an ecosystem enabler across four roles. Influencing factors are organised at external-environmental, organisational, individual, and contextual levels. Nine pedagogical approaches and five curricular components were synthesised, with six policy recommendations anchored in NEP 2020. Conclusions: Effective embedding of SEE in Indian higher education requires simultaneous reform in pedagogy, curriculum, and policy. NEP 2020 provides a relevant enabling framework, but significant implementation gaps remain to be addressed, particularly in faculty capacity and institutional resources.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social entrepreneurship education
  topic: keywords
subject: competencies
  topic: keywords
subject: role of society
  topic: keywords
subject: factors
  topic: keywords
subject: teaching methods and curriculum,
  topic: keywords
subject: governmental policies
  topic: keywords
creator: Riton Mondal
creator: Sajid Jamal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Riton Mondal, Sajid Jamal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 79
ending page: 102
doi: 10.15678/SER.2026.1.05

Women’s Entrepreneurial Activity in Rural Areas and the Use of European Union Funds: The Example of Poland
type: item
description: Background: Rural women’s entrepreneurship holds significant importance, often underestimated despite its pivotal role in sustainable household and local community development. With Poland’s socio-economic transformation, their assigned roles have undergone structural changes. Research objectives: The aim of the article is to examine the activity of women in obtaining EU funds as part of activities aimed at rural areas that contribute to the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas. Research design and methods: Association (independence) analysis was conducted using data from the 2024 Polska wieś i rolnictwo report, exclusively focusing on the responses provided by 780 women. Results: The findings underscore rural women’s innovative contributions to social initiatives and the preservation of Polish rural traditions, showcasing their leadership qualities and proficiency in managing household budgets. Conclusions: The authors believe that the topic addressed in this article is trending. In the literature on the subject, few articles address on the role and importance of rural female entrepreneurship in different industries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: women
  topic: keywords
subject: rural areas
  topic: keywords
subject: agritourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Poland
  topic: keywords
creator: Monika Wojcieszak-Zbierska
creator: Michał Roman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Monika Wojcieszak-Zbierska, Michał Roman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 61
ending page: 78
doi: 10.15678/SER.2026.1.04

Social Economy in Central Europe: A Comparative Study of the V4 Countries
type: item
description: Background: The social economy has gained increasing recognition in Central Europe for its potential to enhance social inclusion and economic resilience. Research objectives: This study aimed to map and compare the social economy entities in the Visegrad Group (V4) countries, with a dual focus on national specificities and the broader EU framework. Research design and methods: Employing secondary data analysis, the research drew on the Eurostat database and the European Commission’s 2024 benchmarking report. The data was structured and analysed comparatively by legal forms and across the V4 countries. Results: The analysis reveals pronounced national variations in the prevalence and structure of social economy entities. Associations dominate in the Visegrad countries, with social enterprises and foundations playing more significant roles in Poland and Hungary. Conclusions: The findings indicate that while the social economy has common roots across the Visegrad region, national institutional contexts shape its development paths, underscoring the need for policy frameworks that recognise both regional convergence and country-level diversity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Visegrad Group
  topic: keywords
subject: organisations
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Europe
  topic: keywords
creator: Richárd Resperger
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Richárd Resperger https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 44
ending page: 60
doi: 10.15678/SER.2026.1.03

Public Policy on Cooperatives: A Qualitative Analysis of Türkiye’s Strategy and Action Plans
type: item
description: Background: In recent years, the social and solidarity economy (SSE) has emerged as a central framework on inclusive and sustainable development. The recent studies illustrate their institutionalisation in different regions, contributions to sustainability, challenges for transformative potentials, and comparison of public policies. Research objectives: The first objective was to situate Türkiye and its public policy on cooperatives within the global outlook. Another aim was to track the continuity and change in this public policy. Research design and methods: This study adopted a qualitative approach and applied a thematic analysis. Two documents used in this research, namely the Turkish Cooperatives Strategy and Action Plan (2012–2016) and Türkiye Cooperative Strategy and Action Plan (2025–2029), stand as the most significant policy papers about cooperatives. Results: The thematic analysis compares the contents, strategic objectives, actions, governance frameworks, similar themes, and paradigm shifts, as well as strengths and weaknesses. Conclusions: The study shows that Türkiye tends to favour top-down, market-oriented social enterprises over grassroots and transformative organisations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cooperative
  topic: keywords
subject: public policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Türkiye
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
creator: Özgür Burçak Gürsoy
creator: Aylin Çiğdem Köne
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Özgür Burçak Gürsoy, Aylin Çiğdem Köne https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 26
ending page: 43
doi: 10.15678/SER.2026.1.02

Digital Educational Innovation in the Social Economy: A Configurational Analysis Using the Technological Innovation Systems Framework
type: item
description: Background: Although digitalisation delivers business-level benefits and higher education institutions (HEIs) are expected to advance the digital social economy (SE), many universities still lack coherent digital transformation strategies. Consequently, SE curricula do not integrate digital tools and competences adequately, thus limiting the graduates’ ability to address complex social challenges. Research objectives: This study examined how digital competences are integrated into SE education not merely instrumentally but as a substantive learning domain. It asked: (a) how SE initiatives teach digital and technological innovation and (b) what system functions enable the development and scaling of such innovations. Research design and methods: Using the technological innovation systems framework, the study involved a configurational analysis of eight cases of SE education in four European countries. Results: Three clusters emerge, namely civic platforms, institutional living labs, and lifelong learning initiatives, which reflect distinct constellations of enabling conditions shaped by institutional density, funding logics, and regional disparities. Conclusions: The findings challenge universal models of digital SE education, underscoring the need for context-sensitive and pluralistic implementation strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: digital
  topic: keywords
subject: innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: social economy
  topic: keywords
subject: technological innovation framework
  topic: keywords
creator: Federica Bandini
creator: Paola Canestrini
creator: Marek Ćwiklicki
creator: Christina Galani
creator: Stergios Kyratzopoulos
creator: Sofia Kantsiou
creator: Norbert Laurisz
creator: Stratos Nalmpantis
creator: Kamila Pilch
creator: Maria Vittoria Prudentino
creator: Eirini Erifyli Tzekou
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Federica Bandini, Paola Canestrini, Marek Ćwiklicki, Christina Galani, Stergios Kyratzopoulos, Sofia Kantsiou, Norbert Laurisz, Stratos Nalmpantis, Kamila Pilch, Maria Vittoria Prudentino, Eirini Erifyli Tzekou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 9
ending page: 25
doi: 10.15678/SER.2026.1.01

Activation of the elderly at the commune level
type: item
description: The multiannual "Senior +" program for 2015-2020 adopted by resolution No. 34 by The Council of Ministers on March 17, 2015 is a planning act that addresses the issue of activation of senior citizens. The subject of the study is primarily the presentation of the current legal status and jurisprudence on the implementation of tasks specified in this act. Considerations are conducted from the point of view of forms and ways of implementing tasks by the commune in the area of activating elderly people under the "Senior +" program and assessing the nature of these tasks. The article employs the theoretical and dogmatic method.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: activation of the elderly
  topic: keywords
subject: senior
  topic: keywords
subject: commune tasks
  topic: keywords
creator: Dorota Sylwestrzak
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dorota Sylwestrzak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
starting page: 58
ending page: 67
doi: 10.15678/ES.2020.1.06

Role of environmental inquiry in evidence-based social welfare cases
type: item
description: The purpose of the study is to explain the role of environmental inquiry as source of legal evidence in the procedure of granting social welfare. Environmental inquiry has several functions to fulfill. It is an integral part of social work. In social welfare cases it serves the purpose to collect all necessary information and data on the applicant asking for social care benefits. Hence environmental inquiry is a specific evidence-based investigation, in which there is both penetration and confrontation with other pieces of evidence, such as statements of the parties, contents of official and sometimes private documents, testimonies of witnesses or also results of inspections in the place of stay of the person (family) seeking assistance or benefiting from social welfare. Because of its importance in the investigation, other steps in administrative procedures depend on this inquiry. The study refers to by legal acts, selected cases and doctrine views and presents the features of environmental inquiry, sometimes referred to as ‘the family inquiry’ as part of evidence-based investigation in social welfare cases.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: environmental inquiry
  topic: keywords
subject: social worker
  topic: keywords
subject: social welfare
  topic: keywords
subject: social work
  topic: keywords
creator: Alina Miruć
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alina Miruć https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
starting page: 48
ending page: 57
doi: 10.15678/ES.2020.1.05

Designated benefit for the satisfaction of basic needs as a form of preventing social isolation
type: item
description: The purpose of social service is to support the individual, and thus counteracting social isolation. Normative regulations in this regard are covered by the law of social service from the 12th of March 2004, which determines the types of benefits and the rules of impartment. One of those benefits is the designated benefit for basic needs. In the article, the ponderation has been done about if the designated benefit is a successful tool against social isolation. Thereupon, the normative regulations which determine the appropriation and form of this benefit have been analyzed and presented. This analysis concludes that the institution of the designated benefit for basic needs, which functions in the Polish legal system, could be perceived as an effective mechanism that counteracts social isolation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social service
  topic: keywords
subject: financial support
  topic: keywords
subject: poverty prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: cash benefit
  topic: keywords
creator: Katarzyna Małysa-Sulińska
creator: Anna Kawecka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Katarzyna Małysa-Sulińska, Anna Kawecka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
starting page: 35
ending page: 47
doi: 10.15678/ES.2020.1.04

Legal forms of cooperation between local public administration and non-governmental organizations in counteracting social exclusion
type: item
description: Counteracting social exclusion, although it is not legally binding, is the subject of public administration agenda. The administration, acting for the benefit of individuals, as part of its rendering function, performs tasks which foundations lie in many legal acts, and which essence addresses social exclusion. As part of their statutory tasks, Polish NGOs operate in areas that fall within the sphere of social administration. Both of these activities are important from the point of view of the interest of individuals at risk or subject to social exclusion. In their areas of activity - administrative bodies and non-governmental organizations - are subject to different regulations. The focus of this paper is on those regulations which form the basis for effective cooperation and allow combining the potentials of both these sectors. It should be noted that in the system of administrative law there are many examples of regulations that provide the basis for cooperation between various legal forms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social exclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: non-governmental organizations
  topic: keywords
subject: cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: legal forms of cooperation
  topic: keywords
creator: Agata Barczewska-Dziobek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Agata Barczewska-Dziobek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
starting page: 22
ending page: 34
doi: 10.15678/ES.2020.1.03

Social exclusion from the perspective of hierarchy competition theory
type: item
description: Social exclusion can be viewed as an example of depriving an individual of membership in an association or as a significant restriction of rights within a given hierarchy. In this context, social life in a given country can be analysed as not only competition between smaller hierarchies, but also as a hierarchy covering the entire public sphere. The purpose of the article is to indicate the possibility of using the hierarchy competition theory to analyse the issue of social exclusion, shown in different contexts. Social exclusion can also be illustrated by examples taken from various fields of human activity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social exclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: rivalry
  topic: keywords
subject: hierarchy
  topic: keywords
subject: theory
  topic: keywords
subject: society
  topic: keywords
creator: Piotr Szreniawski
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Piotr Szreniawski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
starting page: 13
ending page: 21
doi: 10.15678/ES.2020.1.02

Social economy and social exclusion - introductory remarks
type: item
description: Introduction to thematic issue.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social economy
  topic: keywords
subject: social exclusion
  topic: keywords
creator: Irena Lipowicz
creator: Magdalena Małecka-Łyszczek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Irena Lipowicz, Magdalena Małecka-Łyszczek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
starting page: 7
ending page: 12
doi: 10.15678/ES.2020.1.01

Investment attractiveness of impact-focused startups
type: item
description: Background: Impact-focused businesses can offer unique competitive advantages. They increase operational efficiency and attract more investors. Research objectives: This study aims to estimate investment attractiveness of startups, using the SWOT methodology. Research design and methods: The study draws on case studies and SWOT analysis. The qualitative approach relies on WIPO reports and impact-focused startup databases. Fifteen case studies cover different industries and a wide range of economies. Results: The findings revealed that the framework of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for impact-focused startups depends on their operational pathways. Conclusions: The customer pathway’s strengths include the ability to address market needs directly and generate significant social impact. The employee pathway is strong thanks to improved workforce quality, diversity, and inclusion. The product/service pathway represents eco-friendly and socially responsible products with measurable impacts. The ecosystem pathway tackles global issues.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: investment attractiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: social and environmental impact
  topic: keywords
subject: venture capital
  topic: keywords
subject: startup ecosystem
  topic: keywords
creator: Iuliia Gernego
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24
starting page: 31
ending page: 45
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.1.03

Land tenure and population exchange: Intermarginal disintegration in the Ormánság. Social Entrepreneurship Review
type: item
description: Background: The study explores the demographic and social challenges in peripheral rural regions shaped by a self-restrictive “one-child strategy” among the Reformed majority and the long-standing exclusion of Roma communities, leading to cumulative marginalization. Research objectives: The main objective of this study is to introduce the concept of intermarginal disintegration to elucidate how overlapping forms of social, ethnic, and demographic marginality exacerbate crises in peripheral regions. Research design and methods: The research is grounded in a qualitative approach combining content analysis of secondary sources, historical documents, and selected demographic indicators. The Socio-Ethnic Exclusion Index (SEK-index) was developed as a composite measure to integrate five dimensions of socio-ethnic exclusion. Results: The findings indicate that classical core-periphery models are insufficient to capture the complex and interrelated marginalization processes affecting the region. Conclusions: The proposed framework provides novel insights into the process of rural social restructuring. It offers analytical support for the development of more effective social and regional policies that are aimed at promoting long-term recovery in peripheral regions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: intermarginal disintegration
  topic: keywords
subject: rural marginality
  topic: keywords
subject: Roma communities
  topic: keywords
subject: one-child strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: composite SEK-index
  topic: keywords
creator: Attila Palancsa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 152
ending page: 173
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.2.10

Institutional and territorial drivers of rural social enterprise ecosystems: Evidence from Finland
type: item
description: Background: This article investigates the interplay between institutional frameworks and territorial conditions in shaping the development of rural social enterprise (RSE) ecosystems in Finland. Research objectives: Drawing on comparative case analysis across three regions—Lapland, Satakunta, and Kainuu—the study identifies key configurations of governance structures, socio-economic conditions, and infrastructural dynamics that enable or constrain the emergence and sustainability of RSEs. Research design and methods: Through document analysis, expert interviews, and regional data, the research introduces the concept of "institutional–territorial fit" to explain the varied trajectories of ecosystem formation. Results: The findings show that successful RSE ecosystems are contingent on multi-level institutional coordination, place-based adaptability, and civic engagement. Conclusions: The article concludes with strategic recommendations for fostering resilient, inclusive, and territorially embedded social enterprise ecosystems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: rural social enterprise
  topic: keywords
subject: institutional support
  topic: keywords
subject: ecosystem development
  topic: keywords
subject: regional policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Finland
  topic: keywords
creator: Harri Kostilainen
creator: Jari Karjalainen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 137
ending page: 151
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.2.09

Event impact assessment and community-based tourism: The case of a Portuguese Music Festival MEOSudoeste
type: item
description: Background: As integral components of the event industry, music festivals significantly impact local communities and encompass social, cultural, economic, political, physical, and environmental dimensions. We may perceive this impact as either positive or negative. As event tourism continues to grow in importance, there is an increasing need for evaluation methodologies that promote sustainable development through more participatory approaches. Research objectives: This article examines how impact assessment methodologies, grounded in action research, can enhance community engagement and support the principles of Community-Based Tourism (CBT). Research design and methods: Drawing on evidence from research conducted on the MEO Sudoeste music festival in Odemira, Alentejo/Portugal, the study explored the potential of this notable event to foster community involvement, despite its limited adoption of the CBT paradigm. Results: The findings emphasize the importance of collaborative evaluation processes in balancing benefits and costs and supporting informed decision-making for large-scale tourism events. Conclusions: Collaborative evaluation contributes to improving the long-term sustainability of large-scale tourism events.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: events tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: community-based tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: action research
  topic: keywords
subject: MEO Sudoeste
  topic: keywords
creator: Sandra Saúde
creator: Sandra Lopes
creator: Marta Amaral
creator: Ana Isabel Rodrigues
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 119
ending page: 136
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.2.08

Community-driven food networks as vehicles of rural social innovation
type: item
description: Background: Rural communities in Cape Breton, Canada, face persistent challenges such as food insecurity, social isolation, and economic marginalization. Community-led food networks rooted in social economy values have emerged as innovative responses that provide dignified, culturally relevant access to food. This article’s novelty lies in its comparative, community-engaged analysis of an Indigenous and a non-Indigenous rural model, treating food networks as infrastructures of rural social innovation rather than charity. Research objectives: This study explored how community-driven food networks contribute to rural development and social innovation by fostering inclusion, empowerment, and resilience. Research design and methods: Using a qualitative case study approach, the research examined two food networks in rural Cape Breton through document analysis, community feedback, observation, and interviews with key stakeholders. Results: The findings reveal that integrated programming, i.e., combining food access, wellness, and employment initiatives, enhances social cohesion, local capacity, and community dignity. Conclusions: Community food networks exemplify how social economy initiatives can transform rural spaces into hubs of innovation and care.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social economy
  topic: keywords
subject: rural development
  topic: keywords
subject: food security
  topic: keywords
subject: community empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Breton – Canada
  topic: keywords
creator: Maya Giorbelidze
creator: Lydia Rita Barikdar
creator: Huixin Shen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 104
ending page: 118
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.2.07

Home or abroad? Following tourism choices in Hungary
type: item
description: Background: Continuing a research series started in 2020, the study analyzed the social and economic factors shaping tourism preferences, the application of motivation, and capital theories, with attention to the impact of COVID-19 and rising safety concerns. Research objectives: The aim was to identify and analyze the structural differences in travel behaviors and active tourism preferences between Hungarian tourists who primarily choose domestic destinations and those who prefer international travel. Research design and methods: The study involved an analysis of data from 533 respondents collected in 2024 via an online questionnaire by means of statistical tests investigating travel motivations, accommodation, activities, and demographics. Results: The findings reveal that domestic travelers typically opt for short, low-cost trips with partial board, prioritizing safety, simplicity, and familiarity. In contrast, international travelers favor longer stays, higher service standards, and full board, indicating higher discretionary income and a desire for status expression. Conclusions: The study underscores that travel preferences are not merely economic choices but are deeply embedded in social structures, cultural capital, and identity formation processes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: travel decision-making
  topic: keywords
subject: domestic vs. international tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: push–pull model
  topic: keywords
subject: social capital
  topic: keywords
subject: lifestyle and tourism
  topic: keywords
creator: Monika Hoschek
creator: Nikoletta Németh
creator: Katalin Mészáros
creator: Attila Palancsa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 91
ending page: 103
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.2.06

Exploring slow tourism in rural territories: Insights from the Alentejo Region in Portugal
type: item
description: Background: Slow tourism appeals to competent, independent travelers seeking meaningful and authentic experiences. This umbrella term encompasses responsible and sustainable tourism practices and holds a significant potential for the development of rural territories. Research objectives: The article offers a deep literature review that addresses slow tourism conceptualization and its importance for rural territories. I also aimed to verify whether accommodation business entrepreneurs in Alentejo (Portugal) engage in slow tourism in their website communication strategies. Research design and methods: A qualitative methodological approach was adopted based on a literature review. The empirical phase involved a systematic examination of the messages contained in communication slogans and commercial offerings on accommodation websites. Results: Although many companies do not explicitly identify as part of the slow tourism movement, their practices align with its principles. The latter promote authentic, relaxed, and immersive experiences linked to nature, local cuisine, culture, and sustainability. Conclusions: The results suggest that adopting the principles of slow tourism in rural territories provides visitors with authentic experiences and encourages the sustainable development of the Alentejo region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: slow movement
  topic: keywords
subject: slow tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: rural territories
  topic: keywords
subject: accommodations
  topic: keywords
subject: Baixo Alentejo
  topic: keywords
creator: MARTA AMARAL
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 70
ending page: 90
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.2.05

The contribution of agritourism to social innovation and sustainable development in the rural areas of the Portuguese Beja region
type: item
description: Background: Nowadays, agritourism constitutes an alternative activity to traditional agriculture, fostering socioeconomic dynamics and promoting social innovation in rural territories. Research objectives: This study aimed to analyze the contribution of agritourism to social innovation and sustainable development in rural areas of the Beja region (Portugal). Research design and methods: Methodology followed a qualitative case study approach, involving eight microenterprises. The study involved the analysis of data collected through semi-structured interviews with the companies’ managers to validate a theoretical model based on two key propositions. These premises assume that agritourism businesses contribute to social innovation and the region’s sustainable development. Results: The results show a consensus on the environmental, economic, and social contributions of agritourism, while perceptions regarding social innovation revealed some variability. Nevertheless, the analysis validated the defined propositions. Conclusions: Findings suggest an overall positive effect of agritourism on the region, supporting its relevance as a driver of sustainable development and social innovation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agritourism, Social innovation, Sustainable development, Beja region
  topic: keywords
creator: Sandra Bailoa
creator: Jorge Pires
creator: Maria Isabel Valente
creator: Joaquim Gomes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 53
ending page: 69
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.2.04

Income as a selected indicator of the social economy in human life
type: item
description: Background: Income constitutes a very important indicator in the social economy. The level and sources of income determine the level and quality of life of rural inhabitants. Research objectives: The research aimed to examine the impact of Poland’s accession to the European Union on changes in the income levels of households across basic socio-economic groups, as well as rural and urban residents, during the period 2004–2023. Research design and methods: An examination was conducted of the results of the household budgets conducted on an annual basis by the Statistics Poland (GUS) between 2004 and 2023. The determination of changes and income relationships was achieved by employing the index of variation, the coefficient of variation (Vi), and Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: There was a decrease in income disparities between farming families and non-farming families, which indicates a process of income convergence. A negative annual dynamic of changes in income was observed only in the case of farmers’ income. Farmers’ incomes also displayed the highest variability among the studied groups. Conclusions: Poland’s integration with the European Union (2004–2023) was a period in which factors favorable to the growth of agricultural incomes prevailed. Despite this improvement, families associated with agriculture displayed lower income levels, worse living conditions, and a higher risk of poverty and social exclusion compared to other socio-economic groups.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: income inequalities
  topic: keywords
subject: farmers’ households
  topic: keywords
subject: EU integration
  topic: keywords
subject: social economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Poland
  topic: keywords
creator: Barbara Chmielewska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 25
ending page: 39
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.2.02

Country Housewives’ Associations as social economy entities and their areas of activity in Poland
type: item
description: Background: The aim of the article is to present the areas of activity of Country Housewives’ Associations in Poland and their role in local communities. The author will discuss this matter in the context of the Act of November 9, 2018 on Country Housewives' Associations. Research design and methods: The paper conducts a conceptual and theoretical analysis of the basic assumptions of social economy and entrepreneurship and of Country Housewives’ Associations as social economy entities, and reviewed the literature in this area. The study also involved the conduction of original survey research. Results: The research results indicate that Country Housewives’ Associations are active in various areas, including social, integration, and educational. In the course of their activities, they face many barriers. Members’ awareness of the social economy is at a low level. Conclusions: The activity of Country Housewives’ Associations as social economy entities in Poland plays an important role in local communities. The scope of the article encompasses only a fragment of the reflections, and scholars may supplement it with new data over time.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: economy
  topic: keywords
subject: social
  topic: keywords
subject: Country Housewives' Associations
  topic: keywords
subject: Poland
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Calik-Kaczor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 40
ending page: 52
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.2.03

Just energy transition and business models: Seeking a strategic management tool for energy communities
type: item
description: Background: Energy communities (ECs) are emerging as key actors in the shift toward a low-carbon and inclusive energy system aligned with the principles of just energy transition (JET). However, conventional business model tools often fail to reflect ECs’ social missions, democratic governance, and environmental goals. Research objectives: This study aims to evaluate the suitability of existing business model frameworks for analyzing ECs and to identify the components necessary for models aligned with JET. Research design and methods: I conducted a qualitative literature review, examining sources to compare conventional and alternative business model frameworks based on criteria derived from JET principles. Results: The analysis found that classical frameworks, such as the business model canvas (BMC), are insufficient for ECs, while alternatives like the triple layered business model canvas (TLBMC), social enterprise model canvas (SEMC), and value mapping tool (VMT) better address ECs’ hybrid organizational logic. Conclusions: Business model innovation must integrate social, environmental, and participatory dimensions to support ECs in advancing a JET.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: energy community
  topic: keywords
subject: just energy transition
  topic: keywords
subject: business model
  topic: keywords
subject: cooperative governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Szymon Caban
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
starting page: 9
ending page: 24
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.2.01

Exploring social entrepreneurship dynamics in sustainable tourism: A case study of Morocco’s Al Haouz Province
type: item
description: Background: Many now recognize social entrepreneurship as an effective strategy to address social and environmental challenges while promoting economic development. Research objectives: This study aims to examine the objectives, strategies, and outcomes of social entrepreneurs operating in the tourism sector in Al Haouz Province, Morocco. Research design and methods: The research employed a qualitative approach to explore various social enterprises engaged in sustainable tourism, including community-based tourism initiatives, eco-lodges, and fair-trade handicraft cooperatives. Results: Findings indicate that social entrepreneurs implement diverse strategies to enhance social inclusion and sustainability in tourism. Key approaches include community involvement, capacity building, cultural preservation, and ethical tourism practices. The study also identifies critical factors that influence the success of social entrepreneurship in sustainable tourism. Conclusions: The research highlights the importance of fostering an enabling environment for social entrepreneurship in tourism. Policy recommendations focus on the development of financial mechanisms, capacity-building programs, and regulatory frameworks to support social enterprises in this sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: community development
  topic: keywords
creator: Oualid Benalla
creator: Marwane El Halaissi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 129
ending page: 140
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.1.09

Social entrepreneurship development in collective-based initiatives: A qualitative study of African Burial Societies
type: item
description: Background: The Global North determines the agenda for most discussions between scholars and policymakers. Research objectives: The article investigates how studies featuring the African context can enhance social entrepreneurship theories. Research design and methods: Current theorization lacks clarity on initiatives that use for-profit ventures to create value only for their members and those that create value for the broader society. Although many scholars portray both of these initiatives as characteristic of social entrepreneurship, this article challenges that view through the venture matrix it develops. The study applies the matrix to a homogeneous case of 145 African burial societies. Results: The results of the study support the matrix. Using extant literature on social capital in collective-based initiatives (CBIs) and findings from a qualitative study of 13 burial societies that operate for-profit ventures, the article presents a model of social entrepreneurship development in CBIs and discusses its practical implications. Conclusions: Burial societies in Africa are changing, embracing social entrepreneurship and providing researchers with new lenses for their understanding.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: collective-based initiatives
  topic: keywords
subject: African burial societies
  topic: keywords
subject: ventures
  topic: keywords
creator: Gift Dafuleya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 106
ending page: 128
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.1.08

Entrepreneurial learning process after a business failure
type: item
description: Background: Entrepreneurial research often overlooks failure as a catalyst for learning. Understanding how entrepreneurs recover from failure and apply their experiences to new ventures proves crucial for developing resilience. Research objectives: This study examines how micro-entrepreneurs who faced total business failure acquire new knowledge and adapt through entrepreneurial learning. Research design and methods: We conducted a qualitative exploratory study with five entrepreneurs who restarted businesses after bankruptcy. We collected data via semi-structured interviews and analyzed them using narrative-based content analysis. Results: Despite significant financial and emotional costs, entrepreneurs actively engaged in meaning-making and knowledge acquisition. Emotional processing and resilience-building enhanced their ability to adapt and overcome challenges. Conclusions: Entrepreneurial learning plays a key role in business recovery. The findings emphasize the importance of meaning creation, knowledge development, and emotional adaptation in navigating failure and fostering long-term entrepreneurial success.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: learning dimension
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurial learning
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurial failure
  topic: keywords
subject: emotions
  topic: keywords
subject: micro-enterprise
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatima Ezzahra Zaid
creator: Noufel Ghiffi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 93
ending page: 105
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.1.07

Sustainable entrepreneurship in Morocco: Driving competitiveness through CSR and circular economy
type: item
description: Background: The circular economy and corporate social responsibility (CSR) have increasingly gained importance as strategic approaches for fostering sustainable entrepreneurship and enhancing corporate competitiveness. Research objectives: This study aims to assess the impact of circular economy principles and CSR practices on the competitiveness of certified companies in Morocco. It explores how businesses integrate sustainability-driven strategies to improve performance. Research design and methods: The research followed a quantitative approach, using a structured questionnaire distributed among 77 managers from certified companies in Morocco. Data analysis involved SPSS and structural equation modelling (SmartPLS) to examine relationships between circular economy strategies, CSR practices, and corporate competitiveness. Results: The findings show a positive correlation between circular economy strategies, CSR implementation, and corporate competitiveness. Key factors influencing this relationship include waste reduction, resource optimization, eco-friendly production, and stakeholder engagement. Conclusions: The research underscores the necessity of fostering an enabling environment for sustainable entrepreneurship through regulatory frameworks and financial incentives.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: corporate social responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: CSR
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: linear economy
  topic: keywords
subject: circular economy
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: green economy
  topic: keywords
creator: Anass Mellouki
creator: Yassine Belyagou
creator: Houssine Soussi
creator: Sami El Abdioui
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-27
publication date: 2024-06-27
starting page: 46
ending page: 59
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.1.04

Promoting gender equality through leveraging the Women, Business, and the Law index: A comparative analysis of high- and low-income countries
type: item
description: Background: Gender equality and the empowerment of women are imperative for inclusive and sustainable development. Despite the fact that the Women, Business, and the Law (WBL) Index provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating legal progress towards gender equality, there is a paucity of research on how key influencing factors vary across economic contexts. Research objectives: The present study aims to examine the influence of asset accessibility, workplace conditions, mobility rights, pay equality, entrepreneurial opportunities, and safety on WBL index scores in high- and low-income countries. The present analysis aims to address the research gap concerning the differential impact of these variables in diverse economic environments. Research design and methods: Multiple linear regression analysis was employed using data from countries classified by income level. The WBL index functioned as the dependent variable, with the influence of six predictor variables on gender equality outcomes being assessed. Results: The findings suggest that pay equality and mobility rights have a greater impact in low-income countries, while safety, workplace conditions, and entrepreneurial opportunities play a more significant role in high-income countries. These results emphasize the necessity of adapting gender equality policies to particular economic contexts. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the importance of context-specific approaches to the promotion of gender equality. In low-income countries, efforts should be concentrated on the improvement of legal rights related to remuneration and mobility. In high-income countries, efforts should be concentrated on enhancing workplace conditions, improving safety, and fostering women's entrepreneurship. The study also identifies common areas for improvement across both contexts to support global gender equality initiatives.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: gender equality
  topic: keywords
subject: Women, Business and the Law index
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: economic participation
  topic: keywords
creator: Youssef Rehali
creator: Fatima Touhami
creator: Mohamed Elmoukhtar
creator: Salma Bakkali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 75
ending page: 92
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.1.06

Causes and effects of social exclusion in light of opinions of cooperative bank customers: The case of the Mazowieckie Province
type: item
description: Background: A novelty of the research lies in the research sample of Cooperative Bank customers on which we conducted the study. Research objectives: The article primarily aims to analyze the causes and effects of social exclusion opinions of cooperative bank customers from the highly diverse Mazowieckie province. A specific goal involves indicating the relationship between selected causes and effects of social exclusion and a chosen socio-demographic characteristic, namely, the municipality. Research design and methods: Using an interview questionnaire, we conducted the survey in September 2023 on a population of N=185 cooperative bank customers, with gender and age of the Mazowiecki province inhabitants as criteria for selection. We employed the quantitative survey according to a mixed-mode design procedure. The study followed ethical guidelines, and all participants gave informed consent. Results: Findings show that poverty, unemployment, and disability contribute to social exclusion. In turn, according to respondents, social exclusion results in pathological social phenomena that limit development and opportunities to function in society. Conclusions: The study presented the relationship between two causes of social exclusion – income level and place of residence – and the socio-demographic characteristic (municipality). Moreover, it analyzed the relationship between the limitation of development and the ability to function in society as a consequence of social exclusion and the socio-demographic characteristic (municipality). The analysis revealed statistically significant relationships between variables. We discussed the causes and effects of social exclusion indicated by respondents. We also applied descriptive statistics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social exclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: cooperative bank customers
  topic: keywords
subject: causes and effects of exclusion in the Mazowieckie province
  topic: keywords
creator: Mariola Szewczyk-Jarocka
creator: Beata Sadowska
creator: Jan-Urban Sandal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 17
ending page: 30
doi: 10.15678/SER.2025.1.02